Denmark’s Jelling Stone is one of the most famous runestones in the world.
Now, new 3D scans of the artefact suggest that a viking queen had much more power and influence than previously thought.
Archaeologists say their findings suggest Queen Thyra, best known as the wife and mother of early rulers Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth, was important in her own right - and had a pivotal role in shaping the realm.
söndag 19 november 2023
måndag 1 maj 2023
Missat i 100 år: Georadar hittar 20 meter långt vikingaskepp
Den norske arkeologen Haakon Shetelig blev djupt besviken både 1906 och 1912, när han genomförde stora utgrävningar av gravhögen Salhushaug i västra Norge. Det enda han hittade var nämligen 15 träspadar och några pilspetsar.
Nu visar det sig att han helt enkelt inte grävde tillräckligt djupt.
I juni 2022 gav arkeologer sig i kast med gravhögen igen, men nu med georadar. De upptäckte konturerna av ett vikingaskepp, som är 20 meter långt och påminner om Osebergsskeppet, världens största och mest välbevarade vikingaskepp.
onsdag 18 januari 2023
Now we know who the Vikings had children with
DNA evidence from Norway points above all to Britain and Ireland rather than people from the north-east. But a lot of this hereditary material has mysteriously almost disappeared after the Viking Age.
The Vikings had a lot of contact with the different people around them. Many came from foreign lands to Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Genes flowed into Viking society from the west, east, south and north-east – in line with whoever the Scandinavians of the time had children and formed families with.
Now a group of researchers from Iceland and Sweden have collected all genetic analyses that have been done of Vikings.
They have compared these with the genes of today's Norwegians, Swedes and Danes.
Today Norwegians have genes from the west and north-east
The map below on the left is a sketch of how genes from other peoples flowed into Scandinavia during the Viking Age.
The genes that came to southern Norway and central Norway came above all from the west (green arrow), from Great Britain and Ireland.
They came to Denmark from the west and south (red arrow). They came to central Sweden from the east (blue arrow). The genes that came to northern Norway and quite far down in Sweden came from people in the north-east.
The map to the right shows how traces of genes from Britain and Ireland are still found (light green) in Norwegians with origins in southern Norway.
The researchers found the same genetic traces from people in the west in today's Danes and quite far into Sweden.
In northern Norway and much of the rest of Sweden, it is above all Uralic genes from the north-east that can be traced in the genetic material of today's people.
But why has the genetic evidence of the people who came from the east and south more or less disappeared from Scandinavia?
The genes of 297 people from the past
A new study published in the life science journal Cell describes how researchers in Iceland and Sweden examined the genes of Scandinavians over the course of nearly 2,000 years.
The researchers collected DNA analyses from studies of a total of 297 people who lived in Scandinavia from around the year 0 until the 17th century.
A majority of these lived during the Viking Age, approximately 750-1050 CE.
The researchers compared these analyses with the DNA of 16,000 living Scandinavians, of whom just over 7,000 were Norwegian. They also compared this information with DNA from people who now live in the rest of Europe.
Found something strange
The most important findings reported by the researchers from the deCODE Genetics/AMGEN institute in Reykjavik and Stockholm University are:
- Vikings went east to today's Russia and Ukraine, to the Baltics and all the way down to Byzantium. The researchers found traces of genes from these areas above all in people who lived during the Viking Age on Gotland, around Stockholm and in the Mälardalen in central Sweden. But these genes from the east quickly began to disappear from Scandinavian DNA after the Viking Age. Why did this gene component disappear?
- The traces of genes from the south have also largely disappeared from Scandinavian DNA, mostly in Danes. Why?
- The Vikings' trading and plundering journeys to the west were above all targeted to Great Britain and Ireland. Genes from here left far more lasting evidence, especially in Norwegians' DNA, but also in Danes and Swedes.
- Nevertheless, all in all, much of the genetic material that flowed into Scandinavia during the Viking Age has since disappeared.
- The DNA component that has left the most lasting evidence in the genes of Scandinavians came from the north-east. More about this further down in the article.
Were they slaves?
- Were the people who were brought from the east during the Viking Age slaves who didn’t have children with Scandinavians? Is that why there is so little genetic evidence of them?
- “They may have belonged to groups that were not allowed to form a family or have children,” Anders Götherström said to the Swedish journal Forskning&Framsteg.
- Götherström is a professor of evolutionary genetics at Stockholm University and one of the researchers behind the study.
- “But they also could have belonged to other classes of people,” he said. “These people may also have been merchants or diplomats or their wives. They may also have been priests and monks who lived in celibacy.”
Don't know how many there were
The researchers have no idea how many people from the British Isles or from areas in the east, south or north settled in today's Norway, Sweden and Denmark during the Viking Age.
What they can read from the human DNA from around a thousand years ago is that the gene flow from the east seems to have been dominated by women.
The researchers didn’t find a similar predominance of people from one sex in people who came from the west.
Specific individuals among the 297 people from the past clearly stand out. A woman who at the end of the Viking Age was given a prestigious boat burial in Sala in central Sweden was completely British.
Before the Viking Age, Scandinavian genes contained only a small element from other places in Europe. One interesting exception is a young woman from the 4th century found in Denmark. She was of British-Irish descent.
A study in Trondheim
Strangely enough, the researchers saw that the fraction of genes from other peoples outside of Scandinavia decreased again in Scandinavians after the Viking Age.
The people who came from other places and their descendants must have had fewer children and fewer descendants than the original population.
In another study from 2022, researchers studied the genes of residents who lived in Trondheim before the plague hit the city in 1347. These residents were compared to Trondheimers from the 17th to 19th centuries. They were also compared to Trondheim residents from our own time.
Here, the researchers found something similar.
The British-Irish genetic component in people in Trondheim during the Viking Age disappeared after the Black Death. You can read more about the Trondheim study in this article from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
In Sweden, people from the east in particular left genetic traces on Gotland and in central Sweden. These genetic traces have also increasingly disappeared up to the present day.
A total of 54 people from Norway
In the DNA that the researchers in the Icelandic-Swedish study examined, 249 analyses were from individuals that had been examined previously.
A total of 54 of these DNA analyses are from people found in Norway – 16 in northern Norway, 24 in central Norway and 14 in southern Norway.
A majority of the Norwegian people were also from the Viking Age.
The researchers behind this new study have themselves analysed the DNA from an additional 48 people, including DNA from the remains of seven people who were victims of a massacre on the Swedish island of Øland towards the end of the 5th century.
The researchers have also examined the DNA of twelve people who were on board the Swedish warship ‘Kronan’, which was sunk in the Baltic Sea in 1676.
Genes from the north-east a thousand years ago
The researchers have particularly focused on the DNA of people in northern Sweden and northern Norway.
This is how they saw that a new genetic element arrived from the north-east and began to spread about a thousand years ago.
The Icelandic researcher Agnar Helgason compared samples from past people in Northern Scandinavia with DNA from today's Finns and Sami. He also made comparisons with the DNA of Native Americans and Central Asians.
In all these peoples he found a common Uralic component in the genes, a DNA feature that is particularly common among Sami and Finns today.
The Uralic gene component
Researchers are only aware of a single find in Scandinavia from the Viking Age where people have this Uralic component. It was found with a family buried in northern Norway.
Based on the limited number of DNA samples the researchers have from before the Viking Age — a total of 25 people — it’s not possible to determine whether this Uralic component was also present to any particular extent in Scandinavians before the Viking Age.
In the 14th century, the Uralic component had spread south into Scandinavia.
The researchers found this Uralic component again in the four men in the crew on board the Swedish warship "Kronan", which sank in 1676. Were these men recruited as crew from northern Sweden or perhaps from Finland?
Today, the Uralic gene component that came from the north-east is found in the genes of far more northerners than in just people with Sami or Finnish identity.
In Norway, this gene component is clearly strongest in people from Finnmark in the north.
It is weakest in people in Sogn og Fjordane and in Rogaland, areas on Norway’s southwestern coast.
These genes are even more widespread in much of Sweden than in northern Norway, except in Finnmark.
Possible sources of error
There are several possible sources of error in genetic studies such as this.
A possible source of error lies in the fact that the number of people from long ago who have had all their genes (their entire genome) examined — who have undergone whole-genome sequencing — remains small.
Another possible source of error lies in the fact that excavations and finds of people from the Viking Age are primarily linked to the cities and towns of that time.
The people in these areas certainly had more contact with strangers than other, less urban, people had at the time. Researchers have thus not been able to analyse the genes from a completely random selection of people from the Viking Age.
Bård AmundsenJOURNALIST
måndag 2 januari 2023
”Honom dräpte Vigmund”
Om ett 1 000 år gammalt dråp eller mord handlar en vikingatida runsten vid Granby i Vallentuna om. Den dräpte var Björn. Han var bror till Kalv – en betydelsefull person i bygden på 1000-talet och som är omnämnd på flera runstenar.
Text och foto: Jens Flyckt
Uppland. Kulturlandskapet runt Orkesta, Vallentuna (norr om Stockholm), är mycket rikt på fornlämningar. Det vittnar om forntida stormän och kvinnor, vars lämningar och monument än i dag präglar trakten. En av dessa personer var den mördade/dräpta Björn.
Runsten U 338 berättar om ett dråp vid slutet av 900-talet och början av 1000-talet.
I runtexten står att Björn bodde i närbelägna Granby, 500 meter öster om den aktuella runstenen.
Runtexten lyder:
”Torsten och Ragnfrid de reste denna sten efter Björn i Granby, Kalvs broder. Honom dräpte Vigmund. Gud hjälpe hans ande och själ bättre än han förtjänade.”
Granby var under vikingatiden och början av medeltiden en stormannagård. Tack vare flera runinskrifter är namnen på några av de personer som bodde där för 1000 år sedan kända idag.
Numera är platsen ett fornlämningsområde, som delvis har undersökts. De mest påtagliga lämningarna är en 33 meter lång och 7 meter bred husgrund/platå samt en intilliggande berghäll med en praktfull runristning. Husplatån och runhällen är samtida.
Den stora husplatån i krönläge vid Granby signalerar hög status.. Här bodde bland annat den dräpta Björn, som omnämns på runsten U 338.
Granbyristningens yta är tyvärr så övervuxen med alger och lav att den inte längre går att avbilda på bild. Enbart vissa partier går att att ana under täcket av lav och alg.
Granbyhällen räknas tack vare sin storlek, närmare tio kvadratmeter, det stora antalet runor (200 stycken) och den vackra ornamentiken som en av Upplands främsta runristningar. Den är ett arvsdokument som är signerad mästaren Visäte.
Närbild på den lavbevuxna Granbyhällen. I bakgrunden syns den imponerande husplatån, som är samtida med runhällen.
Sverigereportage återkommer med ett längre reportage om Granby.
Även på den runristade hällen i Granby nämns Kalv, som är ett ovanligt namn. När hällen ristades var han inte i livet. Runristningen på hällen är därför yngre än den runsten som reportaget handlar om.
Runstenen är ristad på två sidor
Den aktuella runstenen är smal, avlång och ristad på två sidor. Den är daterad till sent 900-tal och tidigt 1000-tal. På grund av alger och mossa är stora delar av ristningen inte möjlig att läsa. Den står inte på sin ursprungliga plats.
Närmare omständigheter kring Björns död, eller varför Vigmund dräpte honom, är inte kända. Björns död var sannolikt en händelse som fick mycket allvarliga konsekvenser och som det talades länge om i bygden. I formuleringen, där dråparen tydligt pekas ut, kan man ana det förkristna rättssamhälle som gällde på vikingatiden.
Den isländska sagolitteraturen ger en inblick i hur rätt skippades på vikingatiden. Äran och släktens sammanhållning var mycket högt värderad. Enkelt beskrivet kan man säga att straffen för brott som dråp var kollektiva. Det var alltså inte bara mördaren som var skyldig för sitt begångna dråp, utan hela dennes släkt.
För Vigmunds släkt innebar dråpet sannolikt allvarliga konsekvenser.
Kanske är det för den dräpta Björn som någon tänder gravljus vid runstenen.
Det har gått mer än 1000 år sedan dråpet på Björn. Men hans öde är långt ifrån glömt, trots att ingen levande människa har någon känd släktrelation med honom. Ibland kan man hitta gravljus som någon tänder intill runstenen.
torsdag 29 december 2022
Skulle bygga hus – vikingagrav med sköld upphittades…
Några norrmän var sugna på att bygga hus i Oslo, närmare bestämt norr om centrum på en liten höjd med utsikt över vattendraget Holmendammen. Det blir säkert fint vad det lider.
De vikingatida sköldarna tillverkades av trä med ett hål i mitten. Där satt en sköldbuckla av metall, på insidan satt handtaget och bucklan skyddade därmed handen, ökade balansen och hållfastheten i skölden.
Under vikingatiden rann Holmenbekken förbi där Holmendrammen nu ligger. Man valde en begravningsplats med ”bedårande utsikt”. Det finns gott om fynd av sköldbucklor från vikingatiden (träet förmultnar i marken, eller brinner upp vid kremering), men det är ett ovanligt fynd i Oslotrakten så de norska byarkeologerna är glada i dag. Framför allt för de rikliga gravfynden, av de drygt 60 funna vikingatida gravar i Oslotrakten så är detta den rikaste till dags datum.
Sköldbucklan gör det troligt att den avlidne var en man (åtminstone gör arkeologer fortfarande könsbestämning av brandgravar på grund av vapeninnehåll trots att åtskilliga skelettgravar innehåller kvinnor och vapen, men, men, gamla föreställningar sitter hårt) och tack vare broschen får man en indikation på att graven anlades någon gång under slutet av 800-talet eller under 900-talet, d.v.s. tidig vikingatid.
Eftersom HJÄLMEN lyser med sin frånvaro i de vikingatida gravarna (medan det finns tusentals svärd, spjut, pilbågar, yxor m.m.) så är det kanske inte underligt att man hittat massvis med sköldar. Näst svärdet är skölden det som fått flest omnämningar i den vikingatida poesin, hundratals olika omnämningar är kända som stridsplanka, spjutvägg, stridens borg, stridshjul osv. Men man får inte bli alltför beroende av sin stridsplanka... ”sköldunge” är en nedsättande benämning på någon som hukar bakom skölden under strid, en bärsärks motsats.
Av de trärester som bevarats tycks lätta träslag som gran och furu ha föredragits även om andra träslag också påträffats.
Historiska museet: vikingasmeden och sköldbucklan (32 sekunder) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gZXavyob3I
BILD
1. Försäljning av nutida sköldar. Eftersom enbart bucklan återstår av de flesta sköldarna så är det osäkert hur man målade sköldarna. De sköldar som återfanns i Gokstadskeppet 1882 och som satt längst relingen tycks vara målande ”i AIK:s färger” (vad nu Ankeborgs IdrottsKlubb har med saken att skaffa), omväxlande helt i gult och helt i svart…!
2. glad i dag, arkeolog Marianne Bugge Kræmer vid Holmendammen som skymtar i bakgrunden,
3. några av fynden paketerade för vidarebefordran till labbet.
Pennan & Svärdet har åtskilligt att säga om vikingarna: https://artiklar.pennanochsvardet.se/a26rnook-valkommen...
torsdag 15 december 2022
128 years after its discovery, a Viking warrior skeleton is identified as female
For more than a century after it was found, a ѕkeletoп ensconced in a Viking ɡгаⱱe, surrounded by military weарoпѕ, was assumed to be that of a Ьаttle-hardened male. No more.The wаrrіoг was, in fact, female. And not just any female, but a Viking …
For more than a century after it was found, a ѕkeletoп ensconced in a Viking ɡгаⱱe, surrounded by military weарoпѕ, was assumed to be that of a Ьаttle -hardened male. No more.
The wаrrіoг was, in fact, female. And not just any female, but a Viking wаrrіoг woman, a shieldmaiden, like an ancient Daenerys Targaryen, Queen of the Dragons from “Game of Thrones.”
The artifacts entombed with the 1,000-year-old bones and ᴜпeагtһed in 1889 in Birka, Sweden, included two shields, a ѕwoгd, an ax, a spear, armor-piercing аггowѕ and a Ьаttle knife – not to mention the remnants of two horses. Such weарoпѕ of wаг among ɡгаⱱe goods, archaeologists long assumed, meant the Viking had been male.
Yet modern-day genetics testing on the DNA extracted from a tooth and an агm bone has confirmed otherwise. The ѕkeletoп , known as Bj 581, belonged to someone with two X chromosomes.
“We were blinded by the wаrrіoг equipment,” one of the researchers, Anders Gotherstrom, said in an email to The Washington Post this week. “The ɡгаⱱe-goods ѕһoᴜt ‘wаrrіoг’ at you, and nothing else.”
Gotherstrom, along with nine other scientists from the Universities of Stockholm and Uppsala, announced their results in a paper in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Theirs is the first genetic proof that at least some Viking women were warriors.
The shieldmaiden, whose teeth identify her as being at least 30, also appeared to be of high status. Her ɡгаⱱe chamber is on a prominent, elevated ріeсe of ground between the town and a hilltop foгt, and also contained a full set of gaming pieces and a gaming board, typically used by military leaders to work oᴜt Ьаttle tасtісѕ and ѕtгаteɡу.Although some weарoпѕ have been found in other female Viking graves, none included only weарoпѕ – or so many of them.
“This is exactly what you would expect from male wаrrіoг graves,” said Cat Jarman, a British archaeologist not associated with the discovery. “There’s nothing that says it was a woman. . . . [The contents] were not exactly domeѕtіс.”
But some experts warn аɡаіпѕt making additional assumptions beyond gender. The artifacts could have been heirlooms from a male relative, they say, or were symbolic. Or perhaps the ɡгаⱱe once һeɩd a second іпdіⱱіdᴜаɩ who was male. Her ѕkeletoп shows no obvious tгаᴜmа indicative of Ьаttle woᴜпdѕ, but archaeologists of Viking graves say there are often none found on male wаrrіoг ѕkeletoп ѕ.
One of the major arguments аɡаіпѕt assuming the ɡгаⱱe belonged to a woman is that “she could be someone who lived like a man,” Jarman said. “Someone Ьᴜгіed her,” but what she was Ьᴜгіed with might not have been of her choosing. “That’s who she was in deаtһ, but it doesn’t mean that’s who she was in life.”
The researchers who tested and analyzed the DNA agree.
“Our results caution аɡаіпѕt ѕweeріпɡ interpretations based on archaeological contexts and preconceptions,” they write in their paper, but the findings are highly suggestive “that women, indeed, were able to be full members of male-domіпаted spheres.”More than 3,000 Viking graves have been discovered encircling Birka, in central-western Sweden, but only about 1,100 have been exсаⱱаted. The location is one of the largest Viking Ьᴜгіаɩ grounds ever discovered, yet only three graves with artifacts suggesting wаrrіoг ideals have been associated with the female gender, the authors write.
Vikings who weren’t engaged in Ьаttle usually were cremated, Gotherstrom said, and with women burials, there “would not have been much, or any, of the weaponry, but a stronger tendency for jewelry, broaches and everyday utensils.”
Until recently, female Viking warriors were largely the ѕtᴜff of literature or mythology. Camilla, in Virgil’s Aeneid, was raised to be a huntress and was expert in the javelin and bow. But she was also suckled by a mare, according to Virgil, and could run over the ocean without getting her feet wet.
Norse ɩeɡeпdѕ feature women warriors such as Hervor and Brynhildr. And neither meek nor mild, Viking women were depicted in medieval art and literature as political leaders and priests.
The fascination with women warriors is long and varied, from the Amazons to Joan of Arc to Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In the 20th and 21st centuries, this oЬѕeѕѕіoп has brought us Wonder Woman, Xena and Katniss Everdeen, as well as that fireproof Mother of Dragons from “Game of Thrones.”
But for archaeologists, the сoпfігmаtіoп of a real Viking woman wаrrіoг leaves them fumbling for words. As Gotherstrom finally described it: “Simply super cool.”
torsdag 27 oktober 2022
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNEARTH TWO VIKING AGE SWORDS IN BURIAL GROUND
Image Credit : Arkeologerna - State Museums of History. CC-BY
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FROM ARKEOLOGERNA HAVE UNCOVERED TWO VIKING AGE SWORDS DURING EXCAVATIONS IN VÄSTMANLAND, OUTSIDE OF KÖPING, SWEDEN.
The swords were discovered during an archaeological investigation of a Late Iron Age burial ground, which dates from around AD 600 – 1000.
The site contains 100 graves and two burial mounds, with evidence of further burial activity indicated by the discovery of three stone tombs added centuries later into one of the mounds.
Excavations of one of the tombs revealed a large cache of glass beads, while in the middle of the other two tombs, archaeologists found two Viking Age swords which had been placed standing upright in a shallow setting.
Image Credit : Arkeologerna – State Museums of History. CC-BY
In total, around 20 Viking Age swords have been found in the Västmanland area, however, this is the first time that two swords have been found in the same burial ground and left standing untouched.
Speaking on the discovery, Anton Seiler from Arkeologerna, suggests that the swords could have been placed on the mound to honour and remember one’s relatives, being a physical marker that family members could visit and touch 1200 years-ago.
Excavations also found the cremated remains of humans and animal bones, in addition to a gaming piece and parts of a comb and bear claws. Evidence of earlier occupation has also been identified, with archaeological remains of agricultural farming that dates from the Bronze Age or earlier Iron Age.
Why several individuals were buried in the mound centuries later, or determining their gender is still yet to be determined, however, remains sent for an osteological analysis should hopefully provide further answers for the researchers.
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