Den mytomspunna vikingastaden Jomsborg nämns i flera av de isländska sagorna och ska ha uppförts av Harald Blåtand på en ö i Östersjön omkring år 960. Trots flera hundra år av arkeologiskt arbete har det emellertid inte gått att hitta några bevis för stadens existens – förrän nu.
På den polska ön Wolin har arkeologen Wojciech Filipowiak funnit rester av bränt trä från 900-talet, som ser ut att ha varit delar av en försvarsanläggning.
Wojciech Filipowiak var egentligen inte på jakt efter vikingar. Han grävde i stranden på Wolin för att de lokala myndigheterna har planer på att bygga ett observationstorn på det som kallas Hangman Hill. Området användes i flera hundra år som avrättningsplats och begravningsplats. Det var denna mörka historia som Filipowiak skulle avtäcka.
Nu tror arkeologen att han i stället har löst ett av vikingatidens största mysterier.
Sagorna älskade jomsvikingarna
Wolin har i åratal betraktats som en av de troligaste placeringarna för Jomsborg. Ön var en del av Tyskland från 1871 till slutet på andra världskriget, och tyska arkeologer sökte under 1930-talet igenom ön på jakt efter den legendariska vikingastaden, men hittade inget.
Medan lokalstyret på Wolin ofta har framställt ön som den historiska hemvisten för Jomsborg, så har många historiker ansett att staden enbart skapats av sagornas författare.
Det finns många myter förknippade med de så kallade jomsvikingarna från ön. Jomsvikingarna ska ha varit ett förband av hårdföra och oerhört disciplinerade vikingar, som ska ha varit verksamma i Östersjön och Skandinavien på 900-talet.
Historierna om dessa fruktade vikingar och legosoldater blandar fritt historiska händelser med sagor. Jomsvikingen Palnatoke nämns till exempel ofta i sagorna och ska bland annat ha dödat Harald Blåtand genom att skjuta honom med en pil i rumpan, och som kom ut genom munnen.
Med det nya fyndet har Jomsborg förflyttat sig lite längre bort från sagorna och närmare verkligheten.
Vikingatidens New York
Enligt de gamla sagorna var Jomsborg vikingarnas maktcentrum i det baltiska området. Karolina Kokora, direktör för Wolins historiska museum, beskriver staden som ett ”medeltida New York i Östersjön”.
Det var ett myllrande handelscentrum med en heterogen befolkning bestående av vikingar, germaner och slaver. Staden hade en formidabel fästning och en lång pir, som kunde ta emot åtskilliga vikingaskepp.
Staden hade emellertid en utsatt position och belägrades och förstördes flera gånger. Först av den dansk-norske kungen Magnus den gode år 1043, och 1185 ska staden ha jämnats med marken av den danske biskopen Absalon. Efter det försvinner den befästa staden från de historiska källorna.
Det krävs givetvis ytterligare analyser och forskning för att kunna slå fast om det verkligen rör sig om den legendariska staden, men Wojciech Filipowiak anser att det redan är ”till 80 procent säkert” att det förhåller sig så.
”Debatten om Jomsborgs placering – eller om staden verkligen har existerat – har pågått länge. Förhoppningsvis kan jag bidra till att avsluta den”, säger Wojciech Filipowiak.
First of all, there is such a thing as a magnet fisherman: ie, someone who uses a powerful neodymium magnet on a rope to retrieve metal objects from bodies of water. I did not know this. Secondly, magnet fisherman Trevor Penny pulled up an intact Viking sword from the River Cherwell in West Oxfordshire last November.
Magnet fishing usually pulls up relatively modern debris — tire rims, keys, bicycles, unexploded ordnance — not iron swords hundreds of years old. Penny didn’t know what it was at first, but after consulting with friends and knowledgeable acquaintances, he called it in to the Portable Antiquities Scheme finds liaison officer in Standlake. The finds liaison officer identified it as a Viking sword dating to between 850 and 975 A.D. It is the oldest object ever discovered in Oxfordshire by magnet fishing.
It looks like a Petersen Type M to my untutored eye, based on the hilt shaped like a capital I, the long blade and the date range. Type M swords in good condition can retain traces of organic remains (wood, leather, cloth) on the grip, so it’s important that this sword be carefully conserved. It is corroded, but there could be organic treasure hiding underneath that crusty exterior. Thankfully, the sword is already in the hands of museum professionals and will remain there.
Mr Penny confirmed that it will be retained by Oxford museum services and will either stay in Witney or be put on display in a museum.
He added: “There was a little dispute with the landowner and the rivers trust who don’t permit magnet fishing. The latter sent a legal document saying they wouldn’t take action on the condition the sword was passed to a museum, which I had done.”
Researchers digging at the Lilla Torg site in the western Swedish port city of Halmstad unearthed something extraordinarily rare. While excavating a grave in a medieval era cemetery, archaeologists from Kulturmiljö Halland (the Cultural Environment of Halland) and its partners at the Lödöse and Bohusläns Museums found a long, rusted metal sword that measured more than four feet (1.2 meters) long. The massive weapon was discovered buried next to an elite man who had died in the late 15th or early 16th century, and this individual was unique in his own right as he measured over six feet tall (an atypical height for medieval times).
This remarkable discovery occurred on December 19, during excavations of a large cemetery containing 49 graves that was found beneath Halmstad’s Lilla Torg square. The burial sites were unearthed under what had once been a Franciscan monastery and church, which were known to have been open and occupied by the Franciscan Order from 1494 through 1531.
Archaeologist Eirik Johansson from Bohusläns Museum holds up the medieval sword he found during the ongoing archaeological survey of Lilla Torg in Halmstad. (Kulturmiljö Halland)
A Giant Figure With a Huge Sword
Among all these burials, the grave that held the skeleton of the tall man stood out, firstly because of the size of its occupant, and second because of the heavy sword that was buried at his side. While an osteological examination of the man’s skeleton showed he would have been about 6’3” (1.9 meters) in height, his sword was only two feet (0.6 meters) short of this in length, measuring an impressive 4’3” (1.3 meters). The sword was the only artifact in the grave, and it had been placed at the man’s left side (presumably he would have been left-handed).
The fairly intact sword was measured at 1.3 meters (4 foot 3 inches). (Kulturmiljö Halland)
The metal sword still included its wooden hilt, which managed to survive the passage of five centuries since the sword’s time of burial. Following a series of X-rays taken after the sword was removed from the ground, the archaeologists discovered that it was decorated by two inlaid crosses made from some type of precious metal.
The medieval longsword was the only burial item found in the tall man’s grave. But this artifact alone was enough to determine that the man must have enjoyed elite status in medieval Scandinavian society.
“The sword find at Lilla Torg confirms that Sankta Anna's church was used as a burial place for, among other things, people of noble birth during the 35 years that the Franciscan order operated on the site.”
Excavating the Long-Lost Franciscan Order of Halmstad
The Franciscan monastery and its accompanying church, which were dedicated to Sankta Annas (St. Anna), were constructed between 1494 and 1503, under the direction of Christina of Saxony, the Scandinavian Queen of Denmark (she ruled over the lands of Sweden as well).
After the premature closure of the monastery in 1531, the structure was repurposed as first a hospital and later as an armory, and it remained in use until being destroyed in a massive fire that ravaged the city of Halmstad in 1619.
The very first excavations at the Lilla Torg square took place in 1932, which led to the discovery of the ruined church building and the monastery kitchen. The excavation of the grave with the sword, and the other 48 graves found so far, proved conclusively that the site was used as a burial spot for people of noble birth and/or high status. This would have been a policy of the Franciscans, and the burials that took place on church grounds would all have occurred during their period of occupation.
Three of the graves under investigation at the Lilla Torg site. (Kulturmiljö Halland)
Archaeologists unearthed the grave of the tall man and its accompanying sword beneath the floor of the church on the southern side. Two other burials of adults, one a man and one a women, were discovered adjacent to the tall man’s tomb, but neither of these graves contained any material goods. In fact none of the other graves excavated in the medieval cemetery held any burial goods, which suggests the tall man enjoyed unique stature in either in the greater community or among the Franciscan monks and nuns.
The historic town of Halmstad, which was founded in 1307, is located approximately 270 miles (435 kilometers) southwest of Stockholm, on Sweden’s Atlantic Ocean coast. It was part of the Danish Kingdom in medieval times, which explains why the Sankta Anna church and monastery could only be built with the approval of the Queen of Denmark. She undoubtedly intended the place to function as a permanent home for the Franciscans, but shifting political winds determined the site would remain a religious sanctuary for less than four decades.
A Sword of Mystery
After its discovery, the medieval longsword was quickly removed from the site and sent to a conservation facility for further examination, and to make sure it is preserved and protected. It was during analysis at this facility that archaeologists discovered the existence of the two inlaid crosses, signaling the tall man’s religious devotion.
Interestingly, the archaeologists believe the sword’s blade might have been partially broken off at some point, meaning it was even longer and heavier than it currently is. Further investigations are expected to reveal the truth about the enigmatic sword’s actual size and real age, and possibly about how it would have been used (i.e., as a ceremonial object or in actual battles).
Top image: Burial of tall medieval man with longsword in Sweden. Source: Kulturmiljö Halland
Denmark’s Jelling Stone is one of the most famous runestones in the world.
Now, new 3D scans of the artefact suggest that a viking queen had much more power and influence than previously thought.
Archaeologists say their findings suggest Queen Thyra, best known as the wife and mother of early rulers Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth, was important in her own right - and had a pivotal role in shaping the realm.
Den norske arkeologen Haakon Shetelig blev djupt besviken både 1906 och 1912, när han genomförde stora utgrävningar av gravhögen Salhushaug i västra Norge. Det enda han hittade var nämligen 15 träspadar och några pilspetsar.
Nu visar det sig att han helt enkelt inte grävde tillräckligt djupt.
I juni 2022 gav arkeologer sig i kast med gravhögen igen, men nu med georadar. De upptäckte konturerna av ett vikingaskepp, som är 20 meter långt och påminner om Osebergsskeppet, världens största och mest välbevarade vikingaskepp.
Arkeologerna har hållit sitt arbete hemligt för att ha tid att slutföra sina undersökningar:
”Vi har arbetat med det här i ett år, så vi är ganska säkra på vårt fynd”, säger Håkon Reiersen, arkeolog på Arkeologiska museet vid universitetet i Stavanger och ledare för utgrävningen.
Georadar har gjort det igen
Det nya fyndet gjordes med georadar – en teknik som utnyttjar radiovågor för att skapa en bild av vad som ligger under markytan.
Georadar har använts inom arkeologin sedan 1970-talet, men har framför allt på senare år lett till många stora upptäckter. Inte minst i Norge, där landets första nya fynd av ett vikingaskepp på mer än 100 år gjordes med georadar 2018 vid området Gjellestad.
Det nyfunna skeppet i Salhushaug liknar andra vikingaskepp från Norge.
”Georadarsignalerna visar tydligt formen av ett 20 meter långt skepp. Det är väldigt brett och påminner om Osebergsskeppet”, säger Håkon Reiersen.
Skeppet hittades i Karmøy, och det är det tredje vikingaskeppet som hittats i området. Tidigare har arkeologer hittat Storhaugsskeppet, som enligt dateringen byggdes år 770 – och användes som begravningsskepp tio år senare, samt Grønhaugsskeppet som byggdes år 780 – och begravdes femton år senare.
Det har ännu inte varit möjligt att datera det nya skeppet, men arkeologerna tror att även det är från slutet av 700-talet.
Skeppet har dessutom en koppling till Storhaugsskeppet, eftersom det vid båda hittats en stor cirkelrund sten, som arkeologerna tror att vikingarna använde för offer.
Karmøy var skeppsbegravningarnas epicentrum
De tre vikingaskeppsgravarna i Karmøy visar enligt Håkon Reiersen att det var där de första vikingakungarna bodde. Dateringar visar att de mer kända vikingaskeppen från Oseberg och Gokstad begravdes några år senare, 834 respektive omkring 900.
”Det finns ingen lika stor samling av skeppsbegravningar som denna”, säger Håkon Reiersen.
Med tanke på att tre skeppsbegravningar ligger nära varandra och genomförts så tidigt under vikingatiden tror Håkon Reiersen att det sannolikt var i Karmøy som traditionen med skeppsbegravningar inleddes. Därifrån spred den sig till resten Norge och sedan till hela Skandinavien.
Nu planerar arkeologerna att göra en bekräftande utgrävning, som ska undersöka skeppets skick och förhoppningsvis fastslå dess ålder.
DNA evidence from Norway points above all to Britain and Ireland rather than people from the north-east. But a lot of this hereditary material has mysteriously almost disappeared after the Viking Age.
The Vikings had a lot of contact with the different people around them. Many came from foreign lands to Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
Genes flowed into Viking society from the west, east, south and north-east – in line with whoever the Scandinavians of the time had children and formed families with.
Now a group of researchers from Iceland and Sweden have collected all genetic analyses that have been done of Vikings.
They have compared these with the genes of today's Norwegians, Swedes and Danes.
Today Norwegians have genes from the west and north-east
The map below on the left is a sketch of how genes from other peoples flowed into Scandinavia during the Viking Age.
The genes that came to southern Norway and central Norway came above all from the west (green arrow), from Great Britain and Ireland.
They came to Denmark from the west and south (red arrow). They came to central Sweden from the east (blue arrow). The genes that came to northern Norway and quite far down in Sweden came from people in the north-east.
During the Viking Age, genes flowed into Scandinavia from four different sources (left picture). There are still traces of these genes (right picture) in the genes of Norwegians, Swedes and Danes, but to varying degrees.(Graphics from the study)
The map to the right shows how traces of genes from Britain and Ireland are still found (light green) in Norwegians with origins in southern Norway.
The researchers found the same genetic traces from people in the west in today's Danes and quite far into Sweden.
In northern Norway and much of the rest of Sweden, it is above all Uralic genes from the north-east that can be traced in the genetic material of today's people.
But why has the genetic evidence of the people who came from the east and south more or less disappeared from Scandinavia?
The genes of 297 people from the past
A new study published in the life science journal Cell describes how researchers in Iceland and Sweden examined the genes of Scandinavians over the course of nearly 2,000 years.
The researchers collected DNA analyses from studies of a total of 297 people who lived in Scandinavia from around the year 0 until the 17th century.
A majority of these lived during the Viking Age, approximately 750-1050 CE.
The researchers compared these analyses with the DNA of 16,000 living Scandinavians, of whom just over 7,000 were Norwegian. They also compared this information with DNA from people who now live in the rest of Europe.
Found something strange
The most important findings reported by the researchers from the deCODE Genetics/AMGEN institute in Reykjavik and Stockholm University are:
Vikings went east to today's Russia and Ukraine, to the Baltics and all the way down to Byzantium. The researchers found traces of genes from these areas above all in people who lived during the Viking Age on Gotland, around Stockholm and in the Mälardalen in central Sweden. But these genes from the east quickly began to disappear from Scandinavian DNA after the Viking Age. Why did this gene component disappear?
The traces of genes from the south have also largely disappeared from Scandinavian DNA, mostly in Danes. Why?
The Vikings' trading and plundering journeys to the west were above all targeted to Great Britain and Ireland. Genes from here left far more lasting evidence, especially in Norwegians' DNA, but also in Danes and Swedes.
Nevertheless, all in all, much of the genetic material that flowed into Scandinavia during the Viking Age has since disappeared.
The DNA component that has left the most lasting evidence in the genes of Scandinavians came from the north-east. More about this further down in the article.
Were they slaves?
Were the people who were brought from the east during the Viking Age slaves who didn’t have children with Scandinavians? Is that why there is so little genetic evidence of them?
“They may have belonged to groups that were not allowed to form a family or have children,” Anders Götherström said to the Swedish journal Forskning&Framsteg.
Götherström is a professor of evolutionary genetics at Stockholm University and one of the researchers behind the study.
“But they also could have belonged to other classes of people,” he said. “These people may also have been merchants or diplomats or their wives. They may also have been priests and monks who lived in celibacy.”
Don't know how many there were
The researchers have no idea how many people from the British Isles or from areas in the east, south or north settled in today's Norway, Sweden and Denmark during the Viking Age.
What they can read from the human DNA from around a thousand years ago is that the gene flow from the east seems to have been dominated by women.
The researchers didn’t find a similar predominance of people from one sex in people who came from the west.
Specific individuals among the 297 people from the past clearly stand out. A woman who at the end of the Viking Age was given a prestigious boat burial in Sala in central Sweden was completely British.
Before the Viking Age, Scandinavian genes contained only a small element from other places in Europe. One interesting exception is a young woman from the 4th century found in Denmark. She was of British-Irish descent.
A study in Trondheim Strangely enough, the researchers saw that the fraction of genes from other peoples outside of Scandinavia decreased again in Scandinavians after the Viking Age. The people who came from other places and their descendants must have had fewer children and fewer descendants than the original population. In another study from 2022, researchers studied the genes of residents who lived in Trondheim before the plague hit the city in 1347. These residents were compared to Trondheimers from the 17th to 19th centuries. They were also compared to Trondheim residents from our own time. Here, the researchers found something similar. The British-Irish genetic component in people in Trondheim during the Viking Age disappeared after the Black Death. You can read more about the Trondheim study in this article from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. In Sweden, people from the east in particular left genetic traces on Gotland and in central Sweden. These genetic traces have also increasingly disappeared up to the present day.
A total of 54 people from Norway
In the DNA that the researchers in the Icelandic-Swedish study examined, 249 analyses were from individuals that had been examined previously.
A total of 54 of these DNA analyses are from people found in Norway – 16 in northern Norway, 24 in central Norway and 14 in southern Norway.
A majority of the Norwegian people were also from the Viking Age.
The researchers behind this new study have themselves analysed the DNA from an additional 48 people, including DNA from the remains of seven people who were victims of a massacre on the Swedish island of Øland towards the end of the 5th century.
The researchers have also examined the DNA of twelve people who were on board the Swedish warship ‘Kronan’, which was sunk in the Baltic Sea in 1676.
Genes from the north-east a thousand years ago
The researchers have particularly focused on the DNA of people in northern Sweden and northern Norway.
This is how they saw that a new genetic element arrived from the north-east and began to spread about a thousand years ago.
The Icelandic researcher Agnar Helgason compared samples from past people in Northern Scandinavia with DNA from today's Finns and Sami. He also made comparisons with the DNA of Native Americans and Central Asians.
In all these peoples he found a common Uralic component in the genes, a DNA feature that is particularly common among Sami and Finns today.
The Uralic gene component
Researchers are only aware of a single find in Scandinavia from the Viking Age where people have this Uralic component. It was found with a family buried in northern Norway.
Based on the limited number of DNA samples the researchers have from before the Viking Age — a total of 25 people — it’s not possible to determine whether this Uralic component was also present to any particular extent in Scandinavians before the Viking Age.
In the 14th century, the Uralic component had spread south into Scandinavia.
The researchers found this Uralic component again in the four men in the crew on board the Swedish warship "Kronan", which sank in 1676. Were these men recruited as crew from northern Sweden or perhaps from Finland?
Today, the Uralic gene component that came from the north-east is found in the genes of far more northerners than in just people with Sami or Finnish identity.
In Norway, this gene component is clearly strongest in people from Finnmark in the north.
It is weakest in people in Sogn og Fjordane and in Rogaland, areas on Norway’s southwestern coast.
These genes are even more widespread in much of Sweden than in northern Norway, except in Finnmark.
During or before the Viking Age, a Uralic genetic component entered Norway and Sweden from the north-east. Today, this genetic component is most common among Sami and Finns, but it has spread to all of Scandinavia. It is most strongly present among people in Finnmark in Northern Norway. It is also evident in much of Sweden.(Map from the study)
Possible sources of error
There are several possible sources of error in genetic studies such as this.
A possible source of error lies in the fact that the number of people from long ago who have had all their genes (their entire genome) examined — who have undergone whole-genome sequencing — remains small.
Another possible source of error lies in the fact that excavations and finds of people from the Viking Age are primarily linked to the cities and towns of that time.
The people in these areas certainly had more contact with strangers than other, less urban, people had at the time. Researchers have thus not been able to analyse the genes from a completely random selection of people from the Viking Age.
Om ett 1 000 år gammalt dråp eller mord handlar en vikingatida runsten vid Granby i Vallentuna om. Den dräpte var Björn. Han var bror till Kalv – en betydelsefull person i bygden på 1000-talet och som är omnämnd på flera runstenar.
Text och foto: Jens Flyckt
Uppland. Kulturlandskapet runt Orkesta, Vallentuna (norr om Stockholm), är mycket rikt på fornlämningar. Det vittnar om forntida stormän och kvinnor, vars lämningar och monument än i dag präglar trakten. En av dessa personer var den mördade/dräpta Björn.
Runsten U 338 berättar om ett dråp vid slutet av 900-talet och början av 1000-talet.
I runtexten står att Björn bodde i närbelägna Granby, 500 meter öster om den aktuella runstenen.
Runtexten lyder:
”Torsten och Ragnfrid de reste denna sten efter Björn i Granby, Kalvs broder. Honom dräpte Vigmund. Gud hjälpe hans ande och själ bättre än han förtjänade.”
Granby var under vikingatiden och början av medeltiden en stormannagård. Tack vare flera runinskrifter är namnen på några av de personer som bodde där för 1000 år sedan kända idag.
Numera är platsen ett fornlämningsområde, som delvis har undersökts. De mest påtagliga lämningarna är en 33 meter lång och 7 meter bred husgrund/platå samt en intilliggande berghäll med en praktfull runristning. Husplatån och runhällen är samtida.
Den stora husplatån i krönläge vid Granby signalerar hög status.. Här bodde bland annat den dräpta Björn, som omnämns på runsten U 338.
Granbyristningens yta är tyvärr så övervuxen med alger och lav att den inte längre går att avbilda på bild. Enbart vissa partier går att att ana under täcket av lav och alg.
Granbyhällen räknas tack vare sin storlek, närmare tio kvadratmeter, det stora antalet runor (200 stycken) och den vackra ornamentiken som en av Upplands främsta runristningar. Den är ett arvsdokument som är signerad mästaren Visäte.
Närbild på den lavbevuxna Granbyhällen. I bakgrunden syns den imponerande husplatån, som är samtida med runhällen.
Sverigereportage återkommer med ett längre reportage om Granby.
Även på den runristade hällen i Granby nämns Kalv, som är ett ovanligt namn. När hällen ristades var han inte i livet. Runristningen på hällen är därför yngre än den runsten som reportaget handlar om.
Runstenen är ristad på två sidor
Den aktuella runstenen är smal, avlång och ristad på två sidor. Den är daterad till sent 900-tal och tidigt 1000-tal. På grund av alger och mossa är stora delar av ristningen inte möjlig att läsa. Den står inte på sin ursprungliga plats.
Närmare omständigheter kring Björns död, eller varför Vigmund dräpte honom, är inte kända. Björns död var sannolikt en händelse som fick mycket allvarliga konsekvenser och som det talades länge om i bygden. I formuleringen, där dråparen tydligt pekas ut, kan man ana det förkristna rättssamhälle som gällde på vikingatiden.
Den isländska sagolitteraturen ger en inblick i hur rätt skippades på vikingatiden. Äran och släktens sammanhållning var mycket högt värderad. Enkelt beskrivet kan man säga att straffen för brott som dråp var kollektiva. Det var alltså inte bara mördaren som var skyldig för sitt begångna dråp, utan hela dennes släkt.
För Vigmunds släkt innebar dråpet sannolikt allvarliga konsekvenser.
Kanske är det för den dräpta Björn som någon tänder gravljus vid runstenen.
Det har gått mer än 1000 år sedan dråpet på Björn. Men hans öde är långt ifrån glömt, trots att ingen levande människa har någon känd släktrelation med honom. Ibland kan man hitta gravljus som någon tänder intill runstenen.
